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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=91TT0378>
<title>
Feb. 18, 1991: Dodging Friendly Fire
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Feb. 18, 1991 The War Comes Home
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
THE GULF WAR, Page 24
Dodging Friendly Fire
</hdr><body>
<p> Iraqi tanks perched on the north side of a sand ridge near
the Saudi-Kuwait border were firing at a company of U.S.
Marines on the south side. The Marines were returning fire with
TOW antitank missiles. Overhead, a U.S. Air Force A-10
Thunderbolt swooped toward one of the Iraqi tanks and released
a heat-seeking Maverick missile.
</p>
<p> But instead of flying straight for the target, the missile
was diverted by the hot exhaust of a Marine light armored
vehicle that stood between the U.S. plane and the Iraqi tank.
The Maverick smacked into the left rear side of the LAV,
blowing up the vehicle and killing all seven Marines inside.
</p>
<p> The tragic exchange was one of the first engagements of the
ground war, an opening volley in the 36-hour battle of Khafji.
It also represents this war's first documented case of U.S.
casualties from "friendly fire"--a combat euphemism for
troops' getting shot, shelled or bombed by their own side.
</p>
<p> Friendly fire bedevils every war. Many World War II veterans
recall running for foxholes whenever U.S. planes approached.
In one of the worst cases on record, the Eighth U.S. Army Air
Force bungled the bombing of enemy lines shortly after D-day
in Normandy. Their explosives hit the Army's VII Corps, killing
more than 100 soldiers and wounding 500. As in other such
incidents, the G.I.s on the ground tried to defend themselves
by firing back at their own planes.
</p>
<p> The U.S. armed services have developed elaborate--albeit
imperfect--systems to avoid friendly fire. To prevent mishaps
like the one near Khafji, Marine air-support planes carry
laser-guided versions of the Maverick missile that must be
guided to their targets by the pilot. Though not as smart as
the infrared models favored by the U.S. Air Force, which can
be fired and left to track the target on their own, the
laser-guided Mavericks are less likely to mistake a friend for
a foe.
</p>
<p> Warships and attack planes carry electronic ID systems, like
the IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) radio transponders that
are standard equipment on military and civilian aircraft. A
missile battery equipped with IFF can "interrogate" an aircraft
by beaming a radio signal at it and listening to the answering
squawk. But the system is not foolproof. In the 1973
Arab-Israeli war, Arab batteries fired 2,100 antiaircraft
missiles and destroyed 85 aircraft--45 of them Arab, 40
Israeli.
</p>
<p> Since IFF transponders are impractical for ground forces,
aircraft flying close support stay in constant radio contact
with forward air controllers, whose job it is to track the
shifting battle lines and point out enemy targets. Before an
attack plane can launch its missiles at a Iraqi tank, an FAC
must identify the target, declare that particular plane "hot"
and switch on the targeting authority on the plane's computer.
"The complexity is that you've got human beings in the chain,"
says Army spokesman Major Peter Keating. "And at night, when
everybody's moving and talking on the radio, there's no
guarantee that everyone's in the right place at the right time."
</p>
<p> No one knows that better than General Norman Schwarzkopf.
Not only was he once bombed by U.S. B-52s in Vietnam, but he
was the commanding officer of a young Iowa farm boy, Michael
Mullen, whose death by U.S. shelling became the subject of
C.D.B. Bryan's 1976 best seller, Friendly Fire.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>